We conclude that the complementation of both techniques is still the best option to obtain a complete characterization of the fungal endophytic assemblage of the plant species.įungal endophytes develop inside plants without visible external signs, and they may confer adaptive advantages to their hosts. However, the metabarcoding identified almost six times more endophyte species than the culturing although the most isolated fungal species via culturing, Omnidemptus graminis, was not recognized via metabarcoding. The two methods showed similar trends comparing endophyte richness between plant tissue types (root > rhizome > shoot) and between grasslands (low-diversity > high-diversity). Both techniques were applied and compared to characterize the mycobiome of plants of a tall grass ( Brachypodium rupestre) growing in high-mountain grasslands with different plant diversity (low and high). Fungal endophytes have been traditionally studied by letting them grow in appropriate culturing media in petri dishes, but novel massive DNA sequencing techniques which do not require a cultivation step (metabarcoding) are gaining ground. Many of them inhabit plants-the so-called fungal endophytes-and may establish different types of interactions with their host plant. The richness (number of species) of the fungi kingdom is estimated at 1.5 million species, but the vast majority remains unknown.
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